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Density Thermal

describe the trend in the thermal stability of carbonate and nitrate, and each group decreases.?

charge density

Carbonates and nitrates of elements in Group 2 carbonates become more thermally stable as it moves by the Group. Those below have to be heated more strongly than those at the top before of decomposition. A small 2 + ion is a heavier burden packaged in a greater volume of less than 2 + ion (charge density higher) .. When a child 2 + ion is about a carbonate or nitrate ion, pulls the electrons of the anion to himself, and therefore the electrons are more concentrated in a particular oxygen of anion that is closer to 2 + tion, but that polarizes the anion. When heat is added, nitrogen dioxide or carbon dioxide and oxygen is broken with electrons drawn by the 2 + combines to form a metal oxide. When a child under 2 + ions with the higher density of contacts carbonate or nitrate anion, polarizes more electrons. This makes it easier for the metal oxide and carbon or nitrate to separate. Therefore, fewer temperature needed for decomposition. Link below explains it very well with diagrams:)

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Improved fluorescence spectra of rhodamine 101 microfiltration silver nanoparticle aggregate

ieldI.

I. Introduction

The property's most powerful laser dyes is their tunability laser emission band that offers a wide variety of applications in many fields. Laser dyes are used efficiently in the field of isotope separation. They also have applications in biology so that by changing DNA irradiation with ultraviolet light to prevent genetic mutations. The most successful, advanced and application of laser used in medicine is without doubt the surgery eye laser, dye laser can also be used to coagulate the blood vessels in order to obstruct the flow of blood (1). They can also be used in industrial pollution control through differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique (2).

According to these methods there are different severities used to enhance fluorescence intensity laser wavelength specific. For example by using laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, the effect of concentration on the laser dye Rhodamine B dissolved in ethanol can be studied so that the emission intensity of fluorescence of rhodamine B is wide and moves to longer wavelength with concentration (3). Also a change of the spectrum fluorescent dye can be obtained without an increase in fluorescence intensity under the influence the solvent used (4).

Corresponding authors:

Lotfi + Z. Ismail: Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University.

E-mail: Lotfizaki@hotmail.com

* Mohamed A. El Shaer: Department of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University.

E-mail: Melshaer@link.net

Recently, nanoparticles (NP) have a very interesting role on the fluorescence dye laser emission, the addition of (PN) to a solution of dye fluorescence increases of the dye. That improved fluorescence molecules near a metal surface arises from interactions with surface plasmons (SP) resonance in the metal particles, such interactions can also result in reducing the lifetime of the excited state, thereby improving the photostability of the dye (5).

In places where local fields are concentrated, both linear and nonlinear optical responses of molecules and atoms are huge larger than lead to a number of important applications, the most important is the increased surface Raman scattering (SERS) (6). The presence of nanoparticles (NP) will increase fluorescence quantum efficiency, which is expected to have a very important in the (SERS) (7).

For example, when silver (PN) are added to the staining solution, the dye molecules will be absorbed in the islands and non-metal film (PN) and when the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of non-metallic (PN) coincides with the absorption band of dye that changes the strength of the electromagnetic field (EMF) around the molecules that increase the intensity of the fluorescence (8). This modification of the (CEM) is due to very high field gradient near the metal surfaces (9).

Addition of Ag (PN) to the solution of dye can cause either an improvement or a cooling of the fluorescence intensity of the ink according to the distance between molecules Dye and metal surfaces. When non-metallic (PN) are in the vicinity of the fluorophores, quenching of luminescence is due to the non-disintegration radiation from the excited molecules will increase due to energy transfer from the dye molecules to silver (NPS), whereas when non-metallic (PN) lie at a distance, improving the luminescence is observed due to the decrease of non-radioactive decay (10). Silver and gold (PN) are used in dyes more popular because their plasmon resonance frequency is in the visible spectrum, which coincides with the absorption and emission bands of these dyes. Factors important matters affecting the intensity of the fluorescence intensity as the size and shape of the (PN), the orientation of the moments of dye in connection with the dipole (PN) surface normal, the overlap of absorption and emission bands of the dye with the plasmon band of metal and radioactive decay rate and the quantum yield (Q) of the fluorescent molecule (5, 11).

Since Rhodamine dyes are most of the dyes used and controlled in many fields, so they can be used in experiments nonphotochemical hole burning in the mitochondrial dye rhodamine 800 incubated with two surface ovarian epithetical human cell lines. This dye is believed to be selective for the plasma and the inner membrane of mitochondria (12). Nanoparticles of gold can be used as colorimetric sensor for protein conformational change (13).

So in this paper we study the effect of the addition of silver (PN) to rhodamine 101 dye concentration 10-4 M / L, with different weighting factors between the Ag (NP) and the dye solution.

II. Swatches experimental and assembly

Experimentally, we used Rh 101 dye, molecular weight 591.06 g, which appears as a solid green maximum absorption of 568 nm wavelength when dissolved in absolute ethanol (99.9%). The selected concentration of the dye solution is 10-4 m / L.

The aggregated nanoparticles are prepared by reduction of AgNO3 vinylpyrrolidone in ethanol solution. AgNO3 (5 mg) is dissolved in EtOH (100 ml), as in a capacitor reflux and heated while stirring for 15 min. After poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (molecular weight 40 000, 1.2 g) was added, with stirring, and kept in a reflux condenser for 10 min. After that NaOH (1% by weight, 0.5 ml) is added and maintained at the boil, stirring for 30 min. Afterwards, the mixture is shaken until it cools to room temperature. That colloid prepared in this way contains mostly isolated Ag particles.

In the preparation of Ag aggregate ethanol solution of AgNO3 (25 mg in 25 ml of EtOH) is mixed with 25 ml of initial colloid to boiling while stirring. Then, 4 ml of NaOH (1 wt%) is added to the mixture, which is kept stirring at boiling temperature for 30 minutes and then until it cools to room temperature. The estimated concentration of Ag particles in the mixture was 8.8 * 1013 cm-3 (9). Interaction of rhodamine 101 dye molecule with silver nanoparticles is shown schematically in Figure 1.

 

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the training of Ag nanoparticle-dye complex

This molecule has two nitrogen atoms with which it can bind silver nanoparticles. Between these two nitrogen atoms one of which is more electropositive and can join preferably silver nanoparticles to form silver nanoparticles dye complex. Because the affinity of the dye molecule with silver nanoparticles, electron transfer mechanism becomes easier and better you get.

The pure dye solution and dye aggregates mixtures are pumped by argon (Ar) laser output wavelength of 488 nm ion generated from Lexel 95 generators and laser fluorescence spectrum is detected by SPEX 750M monochromator. A purchase card is used to analyze the spectra of fluorescence with the PC-computer written especially for analyzing the wavelength, as shown in Figure 2.

Fig.2 Outline spectroscopy system and data acquisition part of the experiment.

III. Results

First, a pure Rh 101 solution dye concentration 10-4 m / L is pumped with Ar ion laser, and then Ag (PN) is added to the dye solution with ratios from 1:7 to 1:3 GA (PN) to the dye in the solution, the fluorescence intensities are recorded as shown in Figure 3, which presents a comparison between the fluorescence emission curves of the four cases that the lower fluorescence intensity belongs to the pure dye solution (black curve) of concentration 10-4 M / L, and equals to 1.32 AU and its peak? = 627.5 nm (green curve) the fluorescence intensity of the addition of Ag to dye solution is 1:7 increases to 1.55 AU and its peak is shifted to be in? = 617.5 nm (red curve) the fluorescence intensity of the Ag added for coloring solution 1:3.5 ratio is increased to 1.6 AU and its peak is shifted to be in? = 615 nm (blue curve) the fluorescence intensity of the Ag added for coloring is 1:3 solution increases to 2.05 au, the highest value – and its peak moves to be in? = 614.5 nm.

Figure 3 A comparison between the fluorescence intensity versus wavelength of the various cases (Black) pure dye concentration 10-4 M / L (Green) Ag stained aggregate ratio 1:7, (Red) Ag stained aggregate relationship 1:3.5, and (Blue) Ag added to dye ratio of 1:3.

Figures 4, 5 represent the ratio of fluorescence intensity of dye and its peak wavelength change of the spectrum compared with the percentage of Ag aggregate in the total in dye solution, respectively. They demonstrated that a relationship exists linear between the percentage of Ag aggregate in the mix and intensity of fluorescence and its peak wavelength change of the spectrum. As the total higher percentage of Ag nanoparticles in the mixture, the fluorescence intensity increased and the peak spectral shift also increased.

 

Figure 4 The relationship between percentage of Ag added and the fluorescence intensity.

Fig 5 The relationship between percentages of Ag aggregate and the shift of maximum peak wavelength.

As dilute dye solution to a concentration 5 × 10-5 M / L and the ion pump laser Ar, and then add on Ag (PN) for the color of the solution so that the addition of Ag to dye ratio in the mixture is 1:7, its fluorescence emission intensities were recorded as shown in Figure 6, which represents a comparison between the two cases, the solution pure color (red curve) is the minimum fluorescence intensity in his beak? = 612.5 nm and the fluorescence intensity of the dye mixture added to the 1:7 ratio Ag (PN) to dye (black curve) increases with the percentage increase in fluorescence intensity by only 5% to its peak in? = 610 nm, so that we can say that the increased intensity and the change is obtained, but with weak dependence on the percentage of total Ag in the solution.

 

Fig.6 A comparison between the fluorescence intensity of the two cases (red curve) the fluorescence intensity of a pure dye concentration of 5 * 10-5 M / L, (curve in black) the fluorescence intensity of a dye added to the Ag (5 * 10-5 M / L) the mixture of 1:7 ratio.

IV. Discussion and Conclusion

In this work, adding silver (PN) to 101 Rhodamine dye solution is investigated. The measured values show that the addition of Ag (PN) solution to enhance the fluorescence of dye color change accompanied by significant values of wavelength to higher values as the Ag (PN) increases the percentage of the total dye mixture. The increase in fluorescence may be due to improved cash field associated with the plasmon nanostructures surface, while the change of fluorescence spectrum can be obtained due to the overlap between the electronic transition of metal nanoparticles and molecular transition of the dye molecules.

At the same time, adding Ag (PN) to dilute the Rh 101 dye solution concentration 5 * 10-5 M / L with a 1:7 ratio of silver aggregates for dye in the mixture will give an increase in fluorescence intensity of staining in 5%, and a shift in wavelength of the spectrum is obtained only 2.5 nm, which gives a weak dependence on the percentage of Ag in the solution, because it reduces the dilution fluorophores dye density required to make the links to the Ag nanoparticles to enhance the intensity of fluorescence dye as shown in Figure 1, is limited accordingly the intensity improvement.

V. References

 

1. Duaarte FJ, Hillman LW, (1990), Academic press.

2. ML Paascu, N. Moise, A. Staicu, (2001), Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 598, pp. 57-64.

3. M. Fikry, MM Omar, Lotfi Z. Ismail, (2009), Journal of Fluorescence, vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 741-746.

4. BR Gayathri, JR Mannekutla, SR Inamdar, (2008), Journal of molecular structure, Vol 889, pp. 383-393.

5. OG Tovmachenko, C. Graf, DJ van den Heuvel (2006), advanced materials, vol. 18, pp. 91-95.

6. SR Emory, (2000), the international society of optical engineering, pp. 1-2.

7. Shanti A., M. Umadevi, V. Ramakrishnan (2004), Spectrochimica Acta Part A, vol. 60, pp. 1077-1083.

8. MA Noginova, G. Zhu, VP Drachev, (2006), Physical Review B, vol. 74, No. 18, pp. 184203 (1-8).

9. MA Noginova, G. Zhu, C. Davison, AK Pradhan, (2005), Journal of modern optics, vol. 52, No. 16, pp. 2331-2341.

10. S. Kalel, AC Deshpande, S. Bhushan Singh, SK Kulkarni, (2008), Bull. Mater. Sci, Vol 31, No. 3, pp. 541-544.

11. RJ Walsh, T. Reinot, JM Hayes, KR Kalli, LC Hartmann, Small GJ (2002), Journal of Luminescence, vol. 98, pp. 115-121.

12. S. Chah, MR Hammond, RN Zare (2005), Chemistry and Biology, vol. 12, pp. 323-328.

13. O. Stranik, R. Nooney, C. McDonagh, BD MacCaraith, (2007), Plasmonics, vol. 2, pp. 15-22.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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